manuais Emerson V150E

Emerson V150E Manual do Utilizador (218 páginas)

Marca: Emerson | Categoria: não | Tamanho: 3.72 MB |

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Índice

CONTROL VALVE

1

SOURCEBOOK

1

Table of Contents

5

Pulp and Paper Control Valves

7

Globe Valves

10

Rotary Valves

12

Eccentric-Disk Control Valve

13

Control-Disk Valve

14

V-notch Ball Control Valve

14

Control Valve End Connections

15

Valve Body Bonnets

16

Extension Bonnets

17

Bellows Seal Bonnets

18

Control Valve Packing

19

Fugitive Emissions

20

Graphite) Packing System

22

ULF Packing System

22

Valve Bodies

23

Characterized Valve Plugs

24

Valve Plug Guiding

25

General Selection Criteria

26

Conclusion

28

General Service

29

Liquid Level Systems

30

Pressure Control Systems

30

Flow Control Processes

30

Actuator Selection

33

Torque or Thrust Requirements

34

Control Functions

34

Economics

34

Actuator Designs

35

Piston Actuators

36

W9589-1 W9588-1

37

Actuator Sizing

39

Actuator Force Calculations

40

The Selection Process

41

Fisher TCMt Plus Ball Seal

42

Actuator Selection Summary

43

Liquid Valve Sizing

45

Sizing Valves for Liquids

49

Table 3-2. Equation Constants

51

Liquid Sizing Sample Problem

53

Sizing for Pulp Stock

55

Cavitation and Flashing

59

Figure 4-2. Generalized r

60

Cavitation

61

Cavitation in Pulp Stock

62

Flashing

62

Viscous Flow

62

Valve Material Damage

64

Cavitation / Flashing Damage

65

Selection Procedure

66

Application Guidelines

66

Additional Guidelines

66

Hardware Choices for Flashing

67

Applications

67

System Design

68

Drilled Hole Design

70

Characterized Cage

70

Cavitation Control Hardware

71

Alternatives

71

Gas Sizing

73

Determining x

74

, the Pressure Drop

74

Ratio Factor

74

Problem No. 1

74

Table 5-2. Equation Constants

78

Gas or Liquid Flow

79

Control Valve Noise

81

Sound Characteristics

82

Combining Noise Sources

82

Sources of Valve Noise

83

Noise Prediction

84

Methods to Attenuate Noise

85

Figure 6-3. Whisper Trim III

86

Path Treatment

87

Hydrodynamic Noise

88

Two-Phase Noise

89

Control Valve Noise Summary

90

Steam Conditioning

91

Why Desuperheat?

93

Desuperheating

94

Desuperheaters

94

Steam Conditioning Valves

97

Installation Guidelines

99

Turbine Bypass Systems

100

High Pressure Bypass

101

Hot-Reheat and Low Pressure

102

Two-Shift Operation

103

Load Rejection/Quick Restart

104

Short Notes:

104

Warm Starts

104

Hot Starts

104

Process Overview

105

Evaporation

106

Causticizing

107

Bleaching

107

Stock Preparation

108

Paper Machine

108

Utilities

109

Waste Treatment

110

C0810 / IL

111

Figure 8-3. Utilities

113

Chapter 9

115

Chemithermomechanical Pulp

116

Chemical Pulping

117

Recovery Process:

118

Digesters

119

Cooking Time

122

Cooking Temperature

122

Cooking Pressure

122

Pressure Profile

122

False Pressure

124

Overpressure

124

Relief or Gas Off

124

Blow Back

124

Blow Tank

124

Control Valve Selection

125

Batch Digester – Low Energy

126

Refer to figure 10A-6

129

Continuous Digesters

131

Pressurizing

132

Chip Feeding

132

Figure 10B-1. Chip Feeding

133

Pre-steaming and Conditioning

134

Heating Stage

142

Valve: KV-60A and B Bottom

143

Cooking Zone

144

Valve: HV-16 Digester washer

145

1. Dual vessel only

150

Chapter 11

155

Auxiliary Equipment

157

Concentrators

158

P=Primary Valve Choise

160

S=Secondary Valve Chice

160

T=Throttling Service

160

O/O=On/Off Service

160

Chapter 12

161

Kraft Recovery Boiler

163

Process:

164

Conditions:

164

Typical Process Conditions:

164

Chemical Reduction

165

P=Primary Valve Choice

166

S=Secondary Valve Choice

166

Chapter 13

169

Causticizers

170

Lime Mud Filter

171

Lime Recovery

172

0814 / IL

173

Bleaching and Brightening

177

Conventional Bleaching

178

Fiberline

179

Totally Chlorine Free

179

Mechanical Pulping

180

Chlorine Dioxide Applications

181

Design Considerations

182

Typical Specification

182

Oxygen (O) Stage

183

Figure 14-7. Oxygen (O) Stage

184

Refining

186

Blend Chest

187

Stock Screening

187

Machine Chest

187

Thin Stock Process

188

Stuffbox

188

Basis Weight Valve

188

White Water

188

Cleaners

189

Brown Stock Rejects Valve

190

Deaeration Chamber

190

Broke Handling

190

Compact Stock Process

190

Medium Consistency (MC) Pump

192

Design Considerations:

192

Typical Specification:

192

Wet-End Chemistry

193

Titanium Dioxide (TiO

195

) Applications

195

Figure 17-2

198

Forming Wire

199

Fourdrinier Multi-Ply Process

200

Twin Wire Formers

200

Figure 17-8. Cylinder Former

201

Figure 17-9. Gap-Wire Former

201

Figure 17-10. Top-Wire Former

202

Figure 17-12. Roll Press

203

Figure 17-13. Shoe Press

203

Press Arrangements

204

Steam and Condensate System

205

Hood Ventilation

205

Size Press

207

Calendaring

207

Roll Finishing

208

Boilers — Water/Steam Cycle

209

Boiler Feedwater System

210

Steam Generation

211

Steam Turbine Generators

212

Main Steam PRV and Turbine

212

Condensing and Cooling System

213

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